Folktales explaining the science 

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Prophase II is a stage of cell division in meiosis that involves the condensation of chromosomes

Chromosome condensation is the process of compacting long chromatin strands into short, thread-like chromosomes

and the breakdown of the nuclear envelope

The nuclear envelope's main function is to protect the nucleus and control the exchange of materials between the nucleus and the cytoplasm

Chromosomes condense: Chromosomes condense into visible X-shaped structures

Nuclear membrane dissolves: The nuclear membrane breaks down, allowing the chromosomes to become visible

Spindle fibers form: Centrioles migrate to opposite ends of the cell and begin to form spindle fibers. 

Chromosomes move: The chromosomes begin to move toward the equator of the cell. 

Kinetochore proteins assemble: Kinetochore proteins assemble on the outer chromatids of each chromosome

Meiotic spindle attaches: The meiotic spindle attaches to the kinetochores.

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Folktales explaining the science 

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Prometaphase II is a stage of meiosis II when the nuclear envelope breaks down

Microtubules extend from the centrioles, forming a spindle

Kinetochores monitor attachment status and tension to activate checkpoints and error-correction mechanisms. 

and the spindle is fully formed. 

During this stage, each sister chromatid forms a kinetochore that attaches to microtubules from opposite poles

Microtubules extend from the centrioles, forming a spindle. 

Nuclear envelope breakdown: The nuclear membrane breaks down into small vesicles, allowing spindle microtubules to access the cell's genetic material

Kinetochore formation: A protein structure called a kinetochore forms around the centromere, which is the central point of the sister chromatids

Microtubule attachment: Microtubules from the centrosomes at the poles of the spindle attach to the kinetochores

Chromosome movement: The chromosomes move back and forth until they align on the metaphase plate

in the center of the spindle

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Folktales explaining the science 

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Metaphase II is a stage of meiosis II where chromosomes line up in the middle of a cell to form a metaphase plate 

The metaphase plate is equidistant from the two spindle poles of the cell

 Chromosomes line up: Chromosomes line up in pairs of sister chromatids along the metaphase plate

Microtubules attach: Microtubules from the centrosomes

A centrosome is a small organelle that organizes microtubules

It's located near the nucleus of a cell. 

at opposite poles of the cell attach to the kinetochores of each chromosome

Centrioles at opposite poles: Centrioles are located at opposite poles of each daughter cell

Centrioles help organize microtubules that form the cell's skeletal system

Metaphase plate forms: The chromosomes align at the equator of the cell to form the metaphase plate

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Folktales explaining the science 

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Anaphase II is a stage of meiosis II where sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles of the cell

Centromere splitting: The centromere of each chromosome splits 

Chromatid separation: Sister chromatids separate at the centromere 

Microtubule attachment: Microtubules from the spindle attach to the kinetochore of each sister chromatid 

Chromatid movement: Microtubules pull the sister chromatids to opposite poles of the cell 

Cellular checkpoint: A checkpoint ensures that chromosomes formed after meiosis I have not changed 

Cell elongation: Microtubules not attached to the kinetochore pull apart to elongate the cell 

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Folktales explaining the science 

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Chromosomes gather: Chromosomes move to opposite poles of the cell, where they gather into two sets

Cell polarity is the uneven distribution of a cell's structure, shape, and function along an axis

The cell axis determines the future positions

Polarity works by cells receiving information about their surroundings through biochemical and mechanical cues

Tight junctions and transcytosis maintain the polarity

Nuclear membranes form: A membrane forms around each set of chromosomes, creating two new nuclei

Chromosomes decondense: Chromosomes return to their "stringy" form

Cell division: The cell pinches in the middle and divides again, creating four daughter cells

Daughter cells are haploid: Each daughter cell has half the number of chromosomes as the original cell. 

Daughter cells have new gene mixtures: Each daughter cell has a new combination of genes due to recombination during meiosis

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Folktales explaining the science 

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The gateway to higher knowledge is believed by the people to exist in dna

Multiple belief are created to explain the knowledge attained by the elite’s hypothesis and their findings 

Nucleotides:

The heterocyclic ring system

This is the law:

Purines:

Purines have a distinctive structure consisting of two rings fused together

Adenine always pairs with thymine

Pyrimidines:

A single ring

cytosine always pairs with guanine

Purines go with pyrimidines and pyrimidines go with purines

Types of six-membered rings: 

Pyridine

A ring composed of five carbon atoms and one nitrogen atom

This group is characterized by having five members together and one stand alone 

(contains N)

N is asparagine. It has an alpha-amino group

An alpha amino acid is an amino acid in which the amino group and the carboxyl group are both bonded to the same carbon atom, known as the alpha carbon

Both groups are “Bonded” to a single member 

an alpha-carboxylic acid group,

refers to a carboxylic acid where the carbon bearing the carboxyl group (COOH) is directly attached to an amino group (NH2), commonly found in alpha-amino acids

All information gathered goes directly to that one member 

and a side chain carboxamide

A side chain is a chemical group attached to the main chain or backbone of a molecule

Those who follow this group:

The core of a carboxamide is an amide group

Which is crucial, forming the peptide bond that links amino acids together in a chain, resulting in proteins

Understand the importance of linking together what is necessary in order for society to result in creation

where a carbonyl carbon (C=O) is linked to a nitrogen atom 

The leading member works with the stand alone not against them, while they are linked they are not the same 

The concept of nations and allies is created, along with the concept that the stand alone and the leading member of the group are to work together. However they are understanding they will never be the same 

While the ring contains alternating single and double bonds, the presence of the oxygen atom disrupts the perfect cyclic electron system that's necessary for aromaticity. Specifically, the oxygen atom breaks the resonance structure that is characteristic of aromatic compounds

A ring that is a non-aromatic, heterocyclic ring composed of five carbon atoms and one oxygen atom

A group of five members together and one stand alone

(contains O)

O is pyrrolysine 

the 22nd naturally occurring proteinogenic amino acid, is encoded by the amber codon UAG in some archaea and bacteria and is essential for methanogenesis (methane production)

thiane

Thiane is a heterocyclic compound and an organosulfur compound

A ring with five carbon atoms and one sulfur atom

A group of five members together and one stand alone 

(contains S)

S is Serine. An α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins. It contains an α-amino group, a carboxyl group, and a side chain consisting of a hydroxymethyl group, classifying it as a polar amino acid 

Types of five-membered rings: 

Pyrrole 

containing four carbon atoms and one nitrogen atom in a ring

(contains N)

N is asparagine. It has an alpha-amino group, an alpha-carboxylic acid group, and a side chain carboxamide

furan

Contains four carbon atoms and one oxygen atom

(contains O)

Pyrrolysine a non-standard amino acid found in some archaeal species and synthesized into proteins by ribosomes has a side chain that is similar to lysine but with a pyrroline ring attached, making it a derivative of lysine with a unique pyrroline structure

thiophene

containing four carbon atoms and one sulfur atom

(contains S)

The defining feature of serine's side chain is the presence of a hydroxyl group (OH) attached to a methylene group

Chromosomes

spindle fibers

Spindle fibers are made of tubulin proteins, which are arranged in polymers called microtubules

Satellite DNA

a large collection of repeated DNA sequences

TTAGGG

is a DNA sequence that forms the telomeres of human chromosomes

Telomeres prevent chromosomes from fraying or tangling

G-rich

G-rich sequences are found in:

telomeres

Telomeres shorten with each cell division, eventually preventing the cell from dividing and leading to cell death

minisatellites

Minisatellites are DNA sequences that are made up of repeating units of DNA

promoters

A promoter is a DNA sequence that controls the start of gene transcription

G-rich sequences are prone to folding into G-quadruplex structures

G-quadruplexes are made up of four guanine residues held together by hydrogen bonds

Shelterin

protects the telomeres from degradation, prevents the activation of unwanted repair systems, and regulates the activity of telomerase

TRF1

TRF1 is a core component of the telomere protein complex, also known as shelterin, which is involved in regulating telomere length and protecting telomeres from DNA damage.

TRF2

telomeric repeat-binding factor 2, is a protein that plays a crucial role in telomere protection and maintenance, acting as a component of the shelterin complex and binding to telomeric DNA repeats

TRF2 is a telomere-binding protein that specifically binds to the double-stranded telomeric TTAGGG repeats

POT1

POT1 is a subunit of the shelterin telomere binding complex 

POT1 contains domains, including:

OB1

typically refers to the OB-fold domain 1, a structural motif in proteins that binds to DNA, particularly in the context of proteins involved in DNA binding and repair

OB2

refers to an Oligonucleotide/Oligosaccharide Binding (OB) fold domain found in proteins, particularly in the context of telomere maintenance

OB3

OB3 may have application AD-like dementia by interrupting the cascade of insulin resistance, neuro-inflammation, and neurodegeneration

TCAB1

A gene that encodes a protein crucial for telomerase function, specifically its localization to Cajal bodies and subsequent trafficking to telomeres

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